In Milrine v DHL Services Ltd [2026] EAT 31, the EAT considers the impact of a flawed appeal process in circumstances where the dismissal might otherwise be considered to be fair.
Alex Leonhardt reviews the case.
Clerk Details
- Clerk Name: Gemma Faulkner
- Clerk Telephone: 020 7583 8055
- Clerk Email: [email protected]
Employment and discrimination
Alex is frequently instructed across the full range of Employment Tribunal and civil court employment matters, and is a frequent contributor to 3PB’s Employment Newsletter. He has particular experience in acting for schools, universities and education professionals, informed by his education law practice.
He also acts in Equality Act claims brought in the County Court and First-tier Tribunal outside of the employment context, and has experience of claims on behalf of both employers and employees arising from restrictive covenants and non-poaching clauses.
His recent cases include:
- Obtaining a finding that a claimant’s belief in English nationalism was not a protected belief for the purposes of a discrimination claim brought against a university employer
- Successfully representing a claimant in a redundancy claim, on the basis of superficial consultation with employees and the recognised trade union
- Securing an order that a claimant pay 100% of the costs of the Respondent in an unmeritorious and unreasonably brought discrimination claim
- Acting pro bono to assist an ex-employee obtain a £15,000 settlement following a failure by an employer to offer contractual hours
- Advising and pleading in a disability discrimination claim brought against a community sports club operating as an unincorporated association
- Providing advice and drafting on jurisdiction issues arising from the State Immunity Act
- Disability discrimination claims arising from “mask mandates” imposed by shops during the coronavirus pandemic.
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Unfair appeals following an (otherwise) fair dismissal
22nd Feb 2026View Article -
Contractual Variation: How long can an employee perform a job that “doesn’t exist”?
7th Nov 2025View ArticleAlex Leonhardt reflects upon Sogbodjor v WKCIC t/a Capital City College Group 2219358/2024, a recent case in the Central London Employment Tribunal, which raised questions of the limits of employee’s powers, and the important distinctions between affirmation and acquiescence.
Alex represented the successful claimant in the proceedings.
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Amending a claim within the limitation period
30th Apr 2025View ArticleWhat is the approach to be taken when a claimant seeks to amend their claim while still within the primary limitation period for the events which the amendment concerns? Alex Leonhardt analyses the case of Barbosa Dethling v The Metropolitan Police Service [2025] EAT 58, in which HHJ Auerbach considered this question.
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Justifying the unjustifiable: the Court of Appeal hands down its decision in Higgs v Farmor’s School
25th Feb 2025View ArticleNaomi Webber and Alex Leonhardt analyse the case of Higgs v Farmor’s School [2025] EWCA Civ 109, an important decision which explains how direct discrimination interrelates with the right to hold and manifest religious and philosophical beliefs in the workplace.
Alex and Naomi draw out key points from the judgment and explain how it can be applied in future cases.
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Taxation of financial loss from discrimination
19th Dec 2024View ArticleAlex Leonhardt reviews the case of L v The Commissioners for His Majesty’s Revenue and Customs [2024] UKFTT 001044 (TC), in which the FTT considers the question of taxation of a settlement of financial losses from discrimination, and in particular when it is said that the losses flow from being prevented from taking on work.
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Promises of permanence and limits to the right to dismiss
10th Oct 2024View ArticleAlex Leonhardt analyses the case of Tesco Stores Ltd v USDAW [2024] UKSC 28, in which the Supreme Court was asked to consider if Tesco was entitled to terminate certain employment contracts which included an entitlement to "Retained Pay", described as a "permanent" benefit, to then re-hire the same employees on contracts without Retained Pay.
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Employment status and incomplete partnership negotiations
8th Jul 2024View ArticleAlex Leonhardt analyses Christopher Watson v Wallwork Nelson Johnson & Anor [2024] EAT 105, a case concerned with employment status, in which the EAT sets out a thorough statement of the relevant principles in determining the existence of an employment relationship against the background of a potential partnership.
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When should ET stays of proceedings be allowed?
13th Nov 2023View ArticleAlex Leonhardt considers the case of ONEA v Contingent and Future Technologies Ltd [2023] EAT 125, in which the EAT issues its second reminder this year (following Lycatel Services Ltd v Schneider [2023] EAT 81) that applications to stay need to be determined following a decision on which forum the dispute would be “most conveniently and appropriately be tried” as per Bowater Plc v Charlwood [1991] ICR 798, and also considers the relationship between that test and a presumption against the High Court being bound by prior findings of the Employment Tribunal.
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Bonus clawback provisions and the doctrine of restraint of trade
13th Nov 2023View ArticleAlex Leonhardt reviews the case of Steel v Spencer Road LLP [2023] EWHC 2492 (Ch), in which the High Court decided with some certainty that though a bonus scheme conditional on the employee remaining in employment for a specified time acts as a disincentive to that employee resigning, it does not constitute a restraint of trade.
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A case concerned with the liability for losses flowing from protected disclosure detriment
29th Sep 2023View ArticleAlex Leonhardt reviews the case of McNicholas v (1) Care and Learning Alliance (2) CALA Staffbank [2023] EAT 127, in which the EAT considered whether a regulator’s decision that there was a case to answer, following initial reports made in retaliation for a protected disclosure, constituted an “intervening act” in assessing damages.
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A change in contract, or dismissal by reason of redundancy?
2nd Aug 2023View ArticleAlex Leonhardt reflects on the case of Jackson v The University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust [2023] EAT 102, in which the EAT considers the application of Hogg v Dover dismissals to an employee in a contractual redundancy situation. The EAT gives guidance on how such claims are to be determined by Employment Tribunals.
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Higgs v Farmor's School: protected beliefs, manifestation and proportionality
29th Jun 2023View ArticleAlex Leonhardt reviews the case of Mrs Kristie Higgs v Farmor’s School (The Archbishop’s Council of the Church of England intervening) EA-2020-000896-JOJ in which the EAT considers a case involving dismissal on the basis of the manner a protected belief was manifested by an employee in social media posts, and guidance on the question of proportionality in such cases.
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Probabilistic Assessment of Past Losses? No (loss of) chance
3rd May 2023View ArticleAlex Leonhardt considers the case of Mr J Edward v Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust [2023] EAT 33, in which the EAT carefully considered the relevant principles for approaching questions of failure to mitigate losses, and in particular where percentage reductions similar to “loss of chance” cases are appropriate.
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Application of direct discrimination to male and female employees sharing one set of toilets
1st Mar 2023View ArticleAlex Leonhardt looks at the case of Earl Shilton Town Council v Miller, in which the EAT considered the application of direct discrimination in circumstances where both staff of both sexes shared nominally the same toilet facilities.
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No claim for insufficiently favourable treatment
5th Feb 2023View ArticleAlex Leonhardt considers the Supreme Court’s decision in McCue v Glasgow City Council, a claim against a local authority’s decision to not disregard certain disability-related expenses from a means-testing assessment.
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The doctrine of mistake in employment contracts and collective agreements
6th Dec 2022View ArticleAlex Leonhardt analyses the case of Nexus v RMT & Unite the Union [2022] EWCA Civ 1408, in which the Court of Appeal considered the application of the contractual doctrine of mistake - both common mistake and unilateral mistake - in the context of a collective bargaining agreement, and its potential consideration by Employment Tribunals.
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Labour market disadvantage and the need for evidence
7th Nov 2022View ArticleAlex Leonhardt analyses the case of Hilco Capital Limited v Denise Harrington [2022] EAT 156, in which the EAT considered the evidential burden in respect of claims that an ex-employee suffers disadvantages in the labour market arising from stigma related to whistleblowing or bringing claims against their former employers.
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Objective justification of dismissals in s.15 claims, long-term absence, and the relevance of alternative role trials
1st Jul 2022View ArticleAlex Leonhardt reviews Department for Work and Pensions v Mrs Susan Boyers [2022] EAT 76, in which the EAT gives useful advice on the above matters (for the second time in the same case).
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Merely technical breaches of TUPE, and can liability survive a withdrawal?
5th May 2022View ArticleAlex Leonhardt analyses Clark v Middleton and anor [2022] EAT 31, a case in which the EAT considered the ET's discretion to make (or not make) an award of compensation for breaches of TUPE Regulations, and the effect of withdrawal of a claim on a defendant's liability to pay compensation, in circumstances where the claimant has no freestanding right to bring a claim against
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On the limits of “firing and re-hiring”
28th Feb 2022View ArticleAlex Leonhardt analyses USDAW & Ors v Tesco Stores Limited [2022] EWHC 201 (QB), in which the High Court considered the restraints on the ability of employers to terminate with notice in order to impose new terms, in circumstances where there had been a prior commitment to keep a particular term.
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Court of Appeal on vicarious liability and “horseplay” in the workplace
1st Feb 2022View ArticleChell v Tarmac Cement and Lime Ltd [2022] EWA Civ 7,
Alex Leonhardt reviews Chell v Tarmac Cement and Lime Ltd [2022] EWA Civ 7, in which the Court of Appeal considers both vicarious liability for employees’ practical jokes or “horseplay” and a purported direct duty on employees to prevent the same, with some useful commentary on the relevance of tension or animosity between staff when that contributes to an employees’ wrongdoing.
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No anonymity order for former stripper
28th Oct 2021View ArticleAlex Leonhardt reviews A v Burke & Hare (EA-2020-SCO-0000067-DT), a case in which the EAT concludes that applications for anonymity orders need to be supported by robust evidence on harm that will arise to the party, going beyond mere embarrassment or social opprobrium, with evidence of impact on labour market outcomes potentially considered relevant and sufficient.
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Strike-out applications of discrimination claims: approach with particular caution
8th Apr 2021View ArticleMallon v AECOM Ltd, UKEAT/0175/20/LA (V)
Employment and civil law barrister Alex Leonhardt analyses Mallon v AECOM Ltd, UKEAT/0175/20/LA (V), a case in which the EAT again urged caution in the use of strike-out applications in discrimination cases, and warned against only considering the first of the three duties under s20 of the Equality Act in reasonable adjustment claims.
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Related News
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Welcome to our February employment law newsletter edited by Michael Smith. Karen Moss and Mark Green announce the publication of their book on age discrimination in the workplace. We are delighted to welcome Emma McIlveen as an associate member.
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Analysis is provided by Michael Smith, Alex Leonhardt, Ben Amunwa, Sarah Clarke and Daniel Brown on the following cases and topics
- Odusanya v Pennine Care Foundation Trust & Others [2026] EAT 5
- Milrine v DHL Services Ltd [2026] EAT 3
- Dada v The Scottish Ministers [2026] EAT 13
- When does the withdrawal of a claim take effect? UPDATED analysis
- Lamb v Teva UK Ltd [2026] EAT 8
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Welcome to our November employment law newsletter edited by Stephen Wyeth. We announce great results in the latest edition of Chambers and Partners.
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Analysis is provided by Stephen Wyeth, Robin Pickard, Alex Leonhardt and Grace Nicholls on the following cases:
- Davidson v National Express Ltd [2025] EAT 151
- Huntley v Siemens Healthcare Limited [2025] EAT 152
- Sogbodjor v WKCIC t/a Capital City College Group 2219358/2024
- Abel Estate Agent Ltd & Ors v Elizabeth Reynolds [2025] EWCA Civ 1357
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In the latest edition of our employment law newsletter, edited by Daniel Brown, we are delighted to announce the launch of our new chambers in Manchester. We feature more team news including about Mathew Gullick KC, Joseph England and Alex Leonhardt. Our employment law conference programme is confirmed and bookings are now open. Analysis is provided by Daniel Brown, Joseph England, Robin Pickard, Jo Laxton and Emma Greening on the following cases:
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- Raison v DF Capital Bank Limited & Others [EA 2024 000292]
- Hendy Group Ltd v Daniel Kennedy [2024] EAT 106
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- Stedman v Haven Leisure [2025] EAT 82 -
Employment law specialist Alex Leonhardt (pictured here) appeared in the Employment Appeal Tribunal this spring in Kokomane v Boots [2025] EAT 38, the judgment of which has recently been published. Alex represented the Respondent at both the final hearing and at appeal. The case concerned the proper interpretation of s.27(2) of the Equality Act 2010 in order to determine whether statements made were protected acts, in circumstances where there was not evidence of a clear...
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